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| Prison Presidio Modelo, Inside one of the buildings, December 2005 via wikipedia |
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| Arhnhem, NL (http://www.flickr.com/photos/35110249@N05/3471151686/) |
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| http://www.theurbn.com/2010/12/observe-learn-panopticon/attachment/7051890/ |
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| http://brohardphotography.blogspot.com |
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| Arles |
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| http://www.flickr.com/photos/34336576@N02/5497467461/lightbox/ Ampitheatre reverses the surveillance principle of Bentham's panopticon. Gladiators / boxers Prison tattoos / proving masculinity / bonding?!....   A pictorial exhibition exploring the history of tattooing in Britain is to go on display in the unlikely setting of Newcastle University's Museum of Antiquities (Tuesday 29 August). 'It's a little known fact, but it would appear that all of the legionaries and some of the auxiliaries on Hadrian's Wall would have had a tattoo', says the University's Director of Archaeological Museums and Roman expert, Lindsay Allason-Jones. The evidence comes from the Roman writer Vegetius, whose Epitome of Military Science, written around the 4th Century AD, is the only account of Roman military practice to have survived intact. 'Vegetius recorded that a recruit to the Roman army "should not be tattooed with the pin-pricks of the official mark as soon as he has been selected, but first be thoroughly tested in exercises so that it may be established whether he is truly fitted for so much effort",' says Lindsay. (Source: Flavius Vegetius Renatus, Epitome of Military Science, Chapter 8). 'We do not know what this official mark looked like. It was possibly an eagle or the symbol of the soldier's legion or unit', she said. Lindsay has even unearthed evidence that the legionaries would have sported the tattoo on their hands. Aetius, the 6th century Roman doctor, recording that tattoos were found on the hands of soldiers, even documented the Roman technique for tattooing, which included first washing the area to be tattooed with leek juice, known for its antiseptic properties. Aetius even went so far as to document the formula for the tattooing ink, which combined Egyptian pine wood (especially the bark), corroded bronze, gall and vitriol with more leek juice. The design was pricked into the skin with pointed needles 'until blood is drawn', and then the ink was rubbed on. More... Gustafson, M., ”The Tattoo in the Later Roman Empire and Beyond” in Written on the Body: The Tattoo in European and American History, Princeton 2000, 17-31. Jones, C.P., ”Stigma: Tattooing and Branding in Graeco-Roman Antiquity” in The Journal of Roman Studies, 77 (1987), 139-155. Van Dinter, M.H., The World of Tattoo, Amsterdam 2005. |
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